Speech delays. While the "4-Digit Diagnostic Code" includes these criteria for three of its diagnostic categories, it refers to this condition as static encephalopathy. #2 Individuals with FAS may have problems with their hearing, memory, vision, attention span, and capabilities to communicate . Getty Images. King, T. L., & Brucker, M. C. (2011). Of the 222 children who met the researchers' criteria for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, there were 27 cases of fetal alcohol syndrome, 104 with partial fetal alcohol syndrome and 91 with . [61] Along with ordinary parenting styles, such strategies are frequently used by default for treating those with FAS, as the diagnoses oppositional defiance disorder (ODD), conduct disorder, reactive attachment disorder (RAD) often overlap with FAS (along with ADHD), and these are sometimes thought to benefit from behavioral interventions. Fetal alcohol syndrome, which can be physically, emotionally and intellectually disabling, is quite common, and most sufferers are not being diagnosed, according to new research. No Risk: Confirmed absence of prenatal alcohol exposure. 5.Famous People With Fetal Alcohol Syndrome - pressroomvip.online; 6.10 Celebrities You May Not Know Were Affected By Fetal Alcohol 7.Celebrities with Birth Defects - Ranker; 8.FASDs: My Story | CDC; 9.This Is What It's Like To Suffer From Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | SELF Partial fetal alcohol syndrome (pFAS). [citation needed], Many books and handouts on FAS recommend a developmental approach, based on developmental psychology, even though most do not specify it as such and provide little theoretical background. "[89] Vomiting put the mother at a high risk for aspiration and was "a brutal procedure for all involved". [46][47][48][45] Small amounts of alcohol may not cause an abnormal appearance, however, small amounts of alcohol consumption while pregnant may cause milder symptoms such as behavioral problems and also increases the risk of miscarriage. The standardized approach is referred to as the Ten Brain Domains and encompasses aspects of all four diagnostic systems' recommendations for assessing CNS damage due to prenatal alcohol exposure. [citation needed], While the four diagnostic systems essentially agree on criteria for fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), there are still differences when full criteria for FAS are not met. poor coordination. [43] FAS has also been linked to brainstem and cerebellar changes, agenesis of the corpus callosum and anterior commissure, neuronal migration errors, absent olfactory bulbs, meningomyelocele, and porencephaly. [citation needed]. [60], The advocacy model is often recommended, for example, when developing an individualized education program (IEP) for the person's progress at school. [66] In the United States, federal legislation has required that warning labels be placed on all alcoholic beverage containers since 1988 under the Alcoholic Beverage Labeling Act. According to Thomas, the Mom folder has never been touched. Court docs also state that Saint will start therapy on Dec. 11 at his school. To make this diagnosis or determine any FASD condition, a multi-disciplinary evaluation is necessary to assess each of the four key features for assessment. For other uses, see, Congenital malformation due to substance exposure, Alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder. [20], Microcephaly is determined by comparing head circumference (often called occipitofrontal circumference, or OFC) to appropriate OFC growth charts. The proposed framework attempts to harmonize IOM, 4-Digit Diagnostic Code, CDC, and Canadian guidelines for measuring CNS damage vis--vis FASD evaluations and diagnosis. When structural or neurological impairments are not observed, all four diagnostic systems allow CNS damage due to prenatal alcohol exposure to be assessed in terms of functional impairments. Fetal alcohol syndrome causes irreversible physical and mental problems to a child due to the intake of alcohol by the mother, in her pregnancy. At the age of 19, he disclosed this to the Daily Mail, a well-known tabloid newspaper in Britain, along with the news . Joaquin Phoenix. ". Answer (1 of 10): As a fellow aspie, she definitely has many of the traits. None: Height and weight both above the 10th percentile. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome or (FAS) is a condition in infants that is caused by alcohol consumption by the mother during time of pregnancy. From poor social skills to problems with impulse control, noticing these behavioral markers may help you identify FAS and get your child a diagnosis and medical treatment. You notice the time, 11:20, as you have been studying at the time and he spoke to you on the phone. It behooves both bride and bridegroom to be sober in order to ensure, as far as possible, in every case that the child that is begotten may be sprung from the loins of sober parents." [20] The "4-Digit Diagnostic Code" and CDC guidelines allow for a positive CNS finding in any of the three areas for any FASD diagnosis, but functional anomalies must measure at two standard deviations or worse in three or more functional domains for a diagnosis of FAS, PFAS, and ARND. FAS causes brain damage and growth problems, along with other issues in intellectual abilities. Disgraced former Southern Charm star Thomas Ravenel claimed that Kathryn Dennis gave their son fetal alcohol syndrome. a unique cluster of minor facial anomalies (small eyes, smooth philtrum, thin upper lip). [93], The earliest recorded observation of possible links between maternal alcohol use and fetal damage was made in 1899 by Dr. William Sullivan, a Liverpool prison physician who noted higher rates of stillbirth for 120 alcoholic female prisoners than their sober female relatives; he suggested the causal agent to be alcohol use. Reporting alcohol use during pregnancy can also be stigmatizing to birth mothers, especially if alcohol use is ongoing. Several organizations and state agencies in the U.S. are dedicated to this type of intervention. [1][17] Although drinking small amounts does not cause facial abnormalities, it may cause behavioral problems. They also have difficulties in understanding concepts . Type username to filter posts in this community, By logging in to LiveJournal using a third-party service you accept LiveJournal's User agreement, Smoking and drinking alcohol during pregnancy can be very harmful to babies, causing a range of lifelong health conditions. drug and alcohol abuse caused her sons Fetal Alcohol Syndrome diagnosis. The rest of the documentary features interviews with Crosby's second family including wife Kathryn and their daughter, Dallas actress Mary Crosby and focuses on the singer's many contributions to the business, like how he revolutionized radio when he began taping his popular radio shows. A systematic review and meta-analyses", "Alcohol Use in Pregnancy and Miscarriage: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "Genetic and Epigenetic Perspectives on the Role of Fathers in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder", "Genetic polymorphisms: impact on the risk of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders", "Long-lasting alterations to DNA methylation and ncRNAs could underlie the effects of fetal alcohol exposure in mice", "Ten Brain Domains: A Proposal for Functional Central Nervous System Parameters for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis and Follow-up", "Objective Measures of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure: A Systematic Review", "Overlapping Behavioral Characteristics of FASD's & Related Mental Health Diagnosis", "Alcohol and Pregnancy Questions and Answers | FASD | NCBDDD | CDC", "History and implications of the Alcoholic Beverage Labeling Act of 1988", "Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs)", National Organization on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, Minnesota Organization on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, "More than 3 million US women at risk for alcohol-exposed pregnancy | CDC Online Newsroom | CDC", "Dr. Fritz Fuchs, 76, Who Advanced Obstetrics", "Considerations on the Increase of Crime, and the Degree of its Extent", "A note on the influence of maternal inebriety on the offspring", "A Brief History of Awareness of the Link Between Alcohol and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder", Center for Disease Control's page on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs), Acute intoxication from hallucinogens (bad trip), Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder&oldid=1141860632, Congenital malformation due to exogenous toxicity, Biology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2014, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2007, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021, Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Baby with fetal alcohol syndrome, showing some of the characteristic facial features. FAS is characterized by: growth deficiency (height or weight < 10th percentile). [14] 3.6% of pregnant American women met criteria for an alcohol use disorder in a 2001 epidemiological study. [62] The IOM presents ARBD as a list of congenital anomalies that are linked to maternal alcohol use but have no key features of FASD. [60] A case study by Henry H. Goddard of the Kallikak familypopular in the early 1900srepresents this earlier perspective,[95] though later researchers have suggested that the Kallikaks almost certainly had FAS. Before he was diagnosed, he struggled and had been misdiagnosed with attention-deficit . (2002). In her early years, she had difficulty in . Since our last Alcohol Alert on FAS, published in 1991, the pace of research on the effects of alcohol on the fetus has accelerated appreciably. [74], An understanding of the developmental framework would presumably inform and enhance the advocacy model, but advocacy also implies interventions at a systems level as well, such as educating schools, social workers, and so forth on best practices for FAS. A police report where Saint was left unattended by your client and ran multiple times into a busy street.According to the police report,When the bystander arrived, Kathryns father was asleep on the sofa (Kensie and Kathryn were not there). [85] In Australia, only 12% of Australian health professionals are aware of the diagnostics and symptoms of FASD. Soft signs are broader, nonspecific neurological impairments, or symptoms, such as impaired fine motor skills, neurosensory hearing loss, poor gait, clumsiness, and poor hand - eye coordination. [16][14] There is no known safe amount or time to drink alcohol during pregnancy. [66] Because CNS damage, symptoms, secondary disabilities, and needs vary widely by individual, there is no one treatment type that works for everyone.[16]. It operationalizes high risk exposure as a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) greater than 100mg/dL delivered at least weekly in early pregnancy. Tony Gentile/Reuters/Corbis. Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a group of abnormalities that occur in babies born to mothers who consume alcohol during pregnancy. Mattson, S.N., & Riley, E.P. [2], Thus, other FASD conditions are partial expressions of FAS. Alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND). She was lovely, too, but she was a child of alcoholics and she had issues.". [72], There is no current cure for FASD, but treatment is possible. Drinking large quantities, defined as 2 standard drinks a day, or 6 standard drinks in a short time, carries a 4.3% risk of a FAS birth (i.e. Those affected are more likely to have trouble with school, the . The police were called and the incidents are on record. Stay Connected With All About The Tea:TwitterInstagramYouTube Facebook Send Us Tips. Post 9/11, so much has changed in New York that it does not give you that homely feeling which it did before. Notice social and behavior issues. [56], The proposed Ten Brain Domains include:[56], The Fetal Alcohol Diagnostic Program (FADP) uses unpublished Minnesota state criteria of performance at 1.5 or more standard deviations on standardized testing in three or more of the Ten Brain Domains to determine CNS damage. Up to 10 times more children have disabilities related to fetal alcohol exposure -- drinking during pregnancy -- than previously believed, finds a new study. Unknown Risk: Unknown use of alcohol during pregnancy. Mild: Either height or weight or both between the 3rd and 10th percentiles. The effects of FAS include mental retardation, malformations of the skeletal system and major organ systems (specifically the heart and brain), inhibited growth, central . [87] Because the alcohol was being given intravenously, the doctor could continue giving the treatment to the mother long after she had passed out, resulting in her being more intoxicated than would otherwise be possible. 1 2; FAS facial features (and most other visible, but non-diagnostic, deformities) are believed to be caused mainly during the 10th to 20th week of gestation.[33]. [citation needed], All four diagnostic systems show virtual agreement on their criteria for CNS damage at the neurological level, and evidence of a CNS neurological impairment due to prenatal alcohol exposure will result in a diagnosis of FAS or pFAS, and functional impairments are highly likely. This can cause the alcohol levels to remain high and stay in the baby's body longer. [30] The "4-Digit Diagnostic Code" allows for mid-range gradations in growth deficiency (between the 3rd and 10th percentiles) and severe growth deficiency at or below the 3rd percentile. The whole group is called fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). [citation needed], The central nervous system damage criteria particularly lacks clear consensus. Early diagnosis, early job skills training and sheltered living situations are needed for patients with FAS to prevent the onset of secondary psychopathology. Did he say if he drank anything before he left or after he left. Fetal alcohol syndrome among children aged 7-9 yearsArizona, Colorado, and New York, 2010. To increase the awareness about Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, here is the list of famous people living with it. The latter interferes with proliferation, differentiation, neuronal migration, axonic outgrowth, integration, and fine-tuning of the synaptic network. Early intervention from birth to age 3 has been shown to improve the development of a child born with FASD. Laws (6.775): "Drinking to excess is a practice that is nowhere seemly nor yet safe. learning disabilities. The "4-Digit Diagnostic Code" further distinguishes confirmed exposure as High Risk and Some Risk:[citation needed], Amount, frequency, and timing of prenatal alcohol use can dramatically impact the other three key features of FASD. In later stages of pregnancy, the alcohol was administered intravenously and often in large amounts. ET on PBS as part of the American Masters series sheds fresh light on Crosby's first family with Dixie Lee, a shy actress who drank herself to oblivion before succumbing to ovarian cancer in 1952 at the age of 41. Smoking and drinking alcohol during pregnancy can be very harmful to babies, causing a range of lifelong health conditions. A thirty year journey from tragedy to hope. Alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND), Neurobehavioral disorder associated with prenatal alcohol exposure (ND-PAE). In fact, many individuals with FAS require specialized care to cope with their condition. Some Risk: Confirmed use of alcohol during pregnancy with use less than High Risk or unknown usage patterns. Between 2017 and 2019 researchers made a breakthrough when they discovered a possible cure using neural stem cells (NSCs);[73] they propose that if applied to a newborn, the damage can be reversed and prevent any lasting effects in the future. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Quotes & Sayings Happy to read and share the best inspirational Fetal Alcohol Syndrome quotes, sayings and quotations on Wise Famous Quotes. [1] The most severe condition is called fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS),[1] which refers to individuals who have a specific set of birth defects and neurodevelopmental disorders characteristic of the diagnosis. Such individuals may be misdiagnosed with primary mental health disorders such as ADHD or oppositional defiance disorder without appreciation that brain damage is the underlying cause of these disorders, which requires a different treatment paradigm than typical mental health disorders. Mild: A mild ranking of FAS facial features covers a broad range of facial feature combinations: Two facial features ranked severe and one ranked within normal limits, One facial feature ranked severe and two ranked moderate, or. People can still be affected by prenatal alcohol exposure and not have the facial feature differences. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder is caused by a woman consuming alcohol while pregnant. This approach is an advance over behavioral interventions, because it takes the person's developmental context into account while developing interventions. FAS, which comes with subtle facial characteristics, is a subgroupalthough not necessarily a more severe diagnosisof the all-encompassing . It happens because the pregnant mother drinks too much alcohol. [12] Some authorities accept only FAS as a diagnosis, seeing the evidence as inconclusive with respect to other types. Low body weight. [10] The negative effects of alcohol during pregnancy have been described since ancient times. In the general population, estimates vary from 0.7 cases per 1,000 to 1.0 cases per 1,000 live births with higher rates (e.g., 3 per 1,000 live births) among American Indian and Alaska natives. [56] Prenatal alcohol exposure risk may be assessed by a qualified physician, psychologist, social worker, or chemical health counselor. The developing fetal nervous system appears particularly sensitive to ethanol toxicity. [1][45] Evidence of harm from low levels of alcohol consumption is not clear and since there are not known safe amounts of alcohol, women are suggested to completely abstain from drinking when trying to get pregnant and while pregnant. Though similar sounding, ND-PAE is the spectrum-wide term for the psychiatric, behavioral, and neurological symptoms of all FASDs, where as ARND is the specific diagnosis of the non-dysmorphic type of FASD where a majority of the symptoms are witnessed. They hope that before casting judgement, others will t. Severe: Height and weight at or below the 3rd percentile. Central nervous system damage: Clinically significant structural neurological, Prenatal alcohol exposure: Confirmed or Unknown prenatal alcohol exposure, Growth deficiency: Growth or height may range from normal to deficient, FAS facial features: Two or three FAS facial features present. [15] The risk of FASD depends on the amount consumed, the frequency of consumption, and the points in pregnancy at which the alcohol is consumed. [43], In 1977, Dr. Clarren described a second infant whose mother was a binge drinker. FASD is an umbrella term for a range of physical, cognitive, and behavioral disorders caused by prenatal alcohol exposure. Actor Daniel Radcliffe is now perhaps the most vocal about the effects of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome in the public eye. (2015). One study found that the people with FASD had a significantly shorter life expectancy. [27][30] The "4-Digit Diagnostic Code" also allows for an FASD diagnosis when only two functional domains are measured at two standard deviations or worse. Most people with an FASD have most often been misdiagnosed with ADHD due to the large overlap between their behavioral deficits. It might also lead to physical issues in the fetus because of the fetus' inability to break down alcohol. [citation needed]. Gwyneth Paltrow. Perhaps she started the trend? However, the Ten Brain Domains are easily incorporated into any of the four diagnostic systems' CNS damage criteria, as the framework only proposes the domains, rather than the cut-off criteria for FASD. Life expectancy can range from 31 to 37. Difficulty suckling while nursing or eating. 4.10 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Celebrities - You'll Be Surprised Who! [96] General studies and discussions on alcoholism throughout the mid-1900s were typically based on a heredity argument. (2002). 8. In 1725, British physicians petitioned the House of Commons on the effects of strong drink when consumed by pregnant women saying that such drinking is "too often the cause of weak, feeble, and distempered children, who must be, instead of an advantage and strength, a charge to their country". A positive finding on all four features is required for a diagnosis of FAS. She was chastised for it, but some people believe that the high iron content in Guinness is actually beneficial to pregnant women. The severity of fetal alcohol syndrome symptoms varies, with some children experiencing them to a far greater degree than others. [19][20][21] Although the condition is permanent, treatment can improve outcomes. p. 10. [102] Researchers in France, Sweden, and the United States were struck by how similar these children looked, though they were not related, and how they behaved in the same unfocused and hyperactive manner. One facial feature ranked severe, one ranked moderate and one ranked within normal limits. [87][88] Doctors recommended a small amount of alcohol to calm the uterus during contractions in early pregnancy or Braxton Hicks contractions. Medline Google Scholar. [85], From the 1960s to the 1980s, alcohol was commonly used as a tocolytic, a method to stop preterm labor. (1998). Palpebral fissure length (PFL) is measured in millimeters with either calipers or a clear ruler and then compared to a PFL growth chart, also developed by the University of Washington. A study of 84 twin/sibling pairs exposed to alcohol in utero shows that two fetuses exposed to identical levels of alcohol can experience . 8. Signs and symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome may include any mix of physical defects, intellectual or cognitive disabilities, and problems functioning and coping with daily life. The study found . On the contrary, clinical and animal studies have identified a broad spectrum of pathways through which maternal alcohol can negatively affect the outcome of a pregnancy. Some of the risks associated with smoking and drinking while pregnant include miscarriage, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, preterm birth, stillbirth, fetal alcohol syndrome, and many other birth defects. [60], Fetal alcohol syndrome was named in 1973 by two dysmorphologists, Drs. Haggard, H. W., & Jellinek, E. M. (1942). Surgeon General", "Australian Government National Health and Medical Research Council", "Costs of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder in the Canadian Criminal Justice System", "Research Review: Executive function deficits in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder - a meta-analysis", "CAMH: More than 400 conditions co-occur with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD), CAMH study finds". The Southern Charm stars' 5-year-old son, Saint, was previously diagnosed . Fetal alcohol syndrome occurs when substances ingested by the mother during pregnancy reach the fetus through the placenta. [1][2] Those affected are more likely to have trouble with school, the legal system, alcohol, other drugs, and other areas of high risk. "I couldn't find anything where he blamed her," Trachtenberg says. South Carolina court records, show that Thomas Ravenelclaimed Saint was formerly diagnosed with FAS due to Kathryns excessive drug and alcohol consumption while he was in utero. Thomas says that Saint took speech and occupational therapy for years to help combat his delays, but he is still falling behind at school., At Saints school, his teacher created Mom and Dadfolders filled with worksheets to be completed daily in an effort to catch Saint up to his peers. [29], Criteria for FASD are least specific in the Institute of Medicine (IOM) diagnostic system ("low birth weight, decelerating weight not due to nutrition, [or] disproportional low weight to height" p.4 of executive summary),[20] while the CDC use the 10th percentile as a cut-off to determine growth deficiency. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is one of the most common causes of mental retardation and is the only one that is 100% preventable. lack of focus. When they re born [with fetal alcohol syndrome], it affects their skull and their nose, and it manifests itself physically as well. [2][20][27][30], Neurological problems are expressed as either hard signs, or diagnosable disorders, such as epilepsy or other seizure disorders, or soft signs. Streissguth, A.P., Barr, H.M., Kogan, J., & Bookstein, F.L. [citation needed]. However, prenatal alcohol exposure and central nervous system damage are the critical elements of the spectrum of FASD, and a positive finding in these two features is sufficient for an FASD diagnosis that is not "full-blown FAS". Alcohol use during pregnancy can cause a wide range of problems for the developing baby, including physical and mental birth defects. Alcohol is a teratogen (causes birth defects) and there is no known safe amount of alcohol to consume while pregnant and there is no known safe time during pregnancy to consume alcohol to prevent birth defects such as FASD. Canadian guidelines discuss this lack of clarity and parenthetically point out that "heavy alcohol use" is defined by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism as five or more drinks per episode on five or more days during a 30-day period. Prevalence of fetal alcohol syndrome in a population-based sample of children living in remote Australia: the Lililwan . [98] The pattern of malformations indicated that the damage was prenatal. Because admission of alcohol use during pregnancy can stigmatize birth mothers, many are reluctant to admit to drinking or to provide an accurate report of the quantity they drank. The first was in 1973, on an infant who died shortly after birth. Fetal tissues are quite different from adult tissues in function and purpose. Some of the risks associated with smoking and drinking while pregnant include miscarriage, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, preterm birth, stillbirth, fetal alcohol syndrome, and many other birth defects. Social communication: Intrude into conversations, inability to read, Disrupted school experience: Suspended or expelled from school or dropped out of school, experienced by 60% of the subjects (age 12 and older), Trouble with the law: Charged with or convicted of a crime, experienced by 60% of the subjects (age 12 and older), Confinement: For inpatient psychiatric care, inpatient chemical dependency care, or incarcerated for a crime, experienced by about 50% of the subjects (age 12 and older), Inappropriate sexual behavior: Sexual advances, sexual touching, or promiscuity, experienced by about 50% of the subjects (age 12 and older), Alcohol and drug problems: Abuse or dependency, experienced by 35% of the subjects (age 12 and older), Dependent living: Group home, living with family or friends, or some sort of assisted living, experienced by 80% of the subjects (age 21 and older), Problems with employment: Required ongoing job training or coaching, could not keep a job, unemployed, experienced by 80% of the subjects (age 21 and older), Living in a stable and nurturing home for over 73% of life, Remaining in each living situation for at least 2.8 years, Experiencing a "good quality home" (meeting 10 or more defined qualities) from age 8 to 12 years old, Having been found eligible for developmental disability (DD) services, Having basic needs met for at least 13% of life, Having a diagnosis of FAS (rather than another FASD condition), Music, playing instruments, composing, singing, art, spelling, reading, computers, mechanics, woodworking, skilled vocations (welding, electrician, etc. [1] It was initially used in research studies to describe humans and animals in whom teratogenic effects were seen after confirmed prenatal alcohol exposure (or unknown exposure for humans), but without obvious physical anomalies. Conceiving risk, bearing responsibility: Fetal alcohol syndrome & the diagnosis of moral disorder. Partial fetal alcohol syndrome (pFAS) refers to individuals with a known, or highly suspected, history of prenatal alcohol exposure who have alcohol-related physical and neurodevelopmental deficits that do not meet the full criteria for FAS. [citation needed], The following criteria must be fully met for an FAS diagnosis:[2][20][27][30], Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is the first diagnosable condition of FASD that was discovered. Business, Economics, and Finance. The full picture of FAS usually occurs in babies born to alcoholic mothers, or to those who drink regularly or binge-drink.
Did Tim Norman Have A Baby, Articles C